Electrode Separation and Operating Orientation: Mechanisms for Maximizing Performance of Cu/Cu²⁺ Aqueous Thermogalvanic Cells

Aqueous thermogalvanic cells have been studied since 1825, and have largely been explored in the past two decades because of their potential to convert low-temperature waste heat to electricity [1, 2]. However, even though these cells have long been known in the electrochemistry community, they have not received much attention from the thermal transport community. This is surprising given that their performance is highly dependent on controlling both thermal and mass (ionic) transport.