Fig. 1 Comparison between the physical system and cyber system in a musculoskeletal model, illustrating the digital twin framework for simulating muscle activation and force transmission. Each step in the physical system corresponds to a similar step in the cyber system, enhancing parameter identi... More about this image found in Comparison between the physical system and cyber system in a musculoskeleta...

Fig. 2 Workflow for multitrajectory optimization and subject-specific modeling of musculoskeletal models. Tr targ represents the target trajectory obtained from experimental data. More about this image found in Workflow for multitrajectory optimization and subject-specific modeling of ...

Fig. 3 Pseudo-code for optimization More about this image found in Pseudo-code for optimization

Fig. 4 Comparison of target trajectories. Unlike Fig. 2 , which uses Tr targ derived from motion capture data, this figure presents Tr targ obtained from simulated experiments. The use of simulated experiments is necessary because real human subjects do not have known musculoskeletal model para... More about this image found in Comparison of target trajectories. Unlike Fig. 2 , which uses Tr targ der...

Fig. 5 Simulated muscle activation patterns computed using sine-generated control signals applied to a musculoskeletal model in OpenSim. These results serve as a reference for validating the proposed optimization method and do not correspond to any specific subject. More about this image found in Simulated muscle activation patterns computed using sine-generated control ...

Fig. 6 Electromyography activation patterns for subject: ( a ) EMG activation patterns for Subject 1, ( b ) EMG activation patterns for Subject 2, ( c ) EMG activation patterns for Subject 3, and ( d ) EMG activation patterns for Subject 4 More about this image found in Electromyography activation patterns for subject: ( a ) EMG activation patt...

Fig. 7 Comparison of single-task and multitask optimization results. Top row: Single-task optimization performance across two tasks. Bottom row: Multitask optimization performance across two tasks: ( a ) Single-task optimization (task 1), ( b ) single-task optimization (task 2), ( c ) multi-task o... More about this image found in Comparison of single-task and multitask optimization results. Top row: Sing...

Fig. 8 Comparison of unseen movement task (task 3): ( a ) Single-task optimization (task 3) and ( b ) multi-task optimization (task 3) More about this image found in Comparison of unseen movement task (task 3): ( a ) Single-task optimization...

Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of finite element (FE) modeling and simulation. Lung lobe segmentations were obtained from CT volumes, and the thoracic cavity was defined as the boundary of the whole lung segmentation. Surface meshes were generated from thoracic cavity segmentations, and volumetric ... More about this image found in Schematic illustration of finite element (FE) modeling and simulation. Lung...

Fig. 2 Effect of lobar sliding on lung parenchymal distortion in each subject for ( a ) and ( b ) tidal breathing and ( c ) and ( d ) breath hold cohorts. ( a ) and ( c ) Spatial mean ADI in the left lung and right lung was lower in the sliding model than the nonsliding model for every subject ind... More about this image found in Effect of lobar sliding on lung parenchymal distortion in each subject for ...

Fig. 3 Distribution of parenchymal distortion in the right ( a )–( c ) and left ( d )–( f ) lung of a representative subject. Elements of each lobe of both the sliding and nonsliding models were sorted into bins based on their distance from the lobar fissures. Stair-step plots of the mean ADI of e... More about this image found in Distribution of parenchymal distortion in the right ( a )–( c ) and left ( ...

Fig. 4 The effect of greater lobar sliding on mean ADI difference between sliding and nonsliding models in each subject in both the right ( a ) and left ( b ) lungs. The strong correlation between mean fissure max shear and mean ADI difference suggests that, consistent with our hypothesis, more lo... More about this image found in The effect of greater lobar sliding on mean ADI difference between sliding ...