Fig. 1 Schematic of time-averaged and time-varying training dataset More about this image found in Schematic of time-averaged and time-varying training dataset

Fig. 2 ( a ) Dimensions of the tested impeller and ( b ) dimensions of the spiral casing More about this image found in ( a ) Dimensions of the tested impeller and ( b ) dimensions of the spiral ...

Fig. 3 Mesh in the cross section of the computational domain More about this image found in Mesh in the cross section of the computational domain

Fig. 4 Normalized eigenvalues and cumulative energy for time-averaged dataset More about this image found in Normalized eigenvalues and cumulative energy for time-averaged dataset

Fig. 5 POD coefficients for time-averaged dataset More about this image found in POD coefficients for time-averaged dataset

Fig. 6 ( a ) Mean relative velocity and ( b ) pressure fields at midspan for training snapshots (Color version online) More about this image found in ( a ) Mean relative velocity and ( b ) pressure fields at midspan for train...

Fig. 7 ( a ) First and ( b ) second POD modes for time-averaged velocity fields and ( c ) first and ( d ) second POD modes for time-averaged pressure fields at midspan More about this image found in ( a ) First and ( b ) second POD modes for time-averaged velocity fields an...

Fig. 8 Selected sensor placements for time-averaged flow field estimation (Color version online) More about this image found in Selected sensor placements for time-averaged flow field estimation (Color v...

Fig. 9 Comparison of estimated and projected POD coefficients for time-averaged datasets ( p = 2 ): ( a ) ϕ = 0.0625 , ( b ) ϕ = 0.1025 , and ( c ) ϕ = 0.1375 (Color version online) More about this image found in Comparison of estimated and projected POD coefficients for time-averaged da...

Fig. 10 Estimation error for estimated time-averaged ( a ) velocity and ( b ) pressure flow fields More about this image found in Estimation error for estimated time-averaged ( a ) velocity and ( b ) press...

Fig. 11 Normalized eigenvalues and cumulative energy for time-varying dataset More about this image found in Normalized eigenvalues and cumulative energy for time-varying dataset

Fig. 12 Time evolution of POD coefficients obtained by the time-varying dataset: ( a ) first and second modes and ( b ) third and fourth modes at ϕ = 0.100 More about this image found in Time evolution of POD coefficients obtained by the time-varying dataset: ( ...

Fig. 13 Velocity and pressure POD modes for the time-varying snapshots: ( a ) first, ( b ) second, ( c ) third, and ( d ) fourth for the velocity POD modes and ( e ) first, ( f ) second, ( g ) third, and ( h ) fourth for the pressure POD modes More about this image found in Velocity and pressure POD modes for the time-varying snapshots: ( a ) first...

Fig. 14 Selected sensor placements for time-varying flow field estimation More about this image found in Selected sensor placements for time-varying flow field estimation

Fig. 15 RMS distribution of the time-varying pressure field on the shroud surface from the truncated higher-order modes More about this image found in RMS distribution of the time-varying pressure field on the shroud surface f...

Fig. 16 Projected POD coefficients for CFD results and estimated POD coefficients for each sensor selection method ( ϕ = 0.1025 ): ( a ) first and ( b ) third modes (Color version online) More about this image found in Projected POD coefficients for CFD results and estimated POD coefficients f...

Fig. 17 Correlation coefficients calculated by Eq. (24) at ϕ = 0.1025 : ( a ) first and ( b ) third modes More about this image found in Correlation coefficients calculated by Eq. (24) at ϕ = 0.1025 : ...

Fig. 18 Estimation error for time-varying ( a ) velocity and ( b ) pressure fields More about this image found in Estimation error for time-varying ( a ) velocity and ( b ) pressure fields